Current trends in insulin therapy

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Metabolic Diseases
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Insulin therapy has been life-saving for over a century.
• Modern insulin therapy is crucial for managing type 1 diabetes and beneficial for type 2 diabetes.
• Advancements in insulin analogues and delivery systems are continuously evolving.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an overview of current insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus.
• To highlight advancements in insulin analogues and delivery methods.
• To discuss the impact of new insulin formulations on patient adherence.

Main Methods:

• Review of current practices in insulin therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
• Discussion of 2nd generation rapid and basal insulin analogues.
• Exploration of hybrid closed-loop systems and insulin pens.
• Examination of combination therapies with GLP-1 receptor agonists.
• Anticipation of 3rd generation basal insulin analogues.

Main Results:

• Current type 1 diabetes management involves rapid-acting insulin analogues in pumps (including hybrid closed-loop systems) or pens, combined with basal analogues.
• Glucose sensor data integration is a common practice for dose adjustment.
• Type 2 diabetes patients benefit from basal insulin analogue combined with GLP-1 receptor agonists.
• Weekly injectable 3rd generation basal insulin analogues are nearing clinical use.

Conclusions:

• Modern insulin therapy, including advanced analogues and sensor integration, significantly improves diabetes management.
• Novel combination therapies and simplified dosing regimens (e.g., weekly injections) hold promise for enhancing treatment adherence.
• Continued innovation in insulin therapy is essential for optimizing outcomes in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.