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Related Concept Videos

Biofilms01:29

Biofilms

1.0K
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

An In Vitro Model to Study the Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm
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Histatin-Photodynamic Therapy for Polyene-Resistant Biofilms in a 3D Model.

L M Dias1,2, A C Pavarina2, W L Siqueira1

  • 1College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.

Journal of Dental Research
|December 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histatin 3 (His3) and Histatin 5 (His5) combined with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) effectively combat resistant oral biofilms. This dual approach significantly reduces viability and protein expression in mixed Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans biofilms.

Keywords:
Candida albicansStreptococcus mutansmouth mucosaoral candidiasisphotochemotherapyproteins

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Area of Science:

  • Oral microbiology
  • Antimicrobial therapies
  • Biofilm research

Background:

  • Oral candidiasis is often caused by Candida albicans, with potential co-infection by bacteria like Streptococcus mutans in biofilms.
  • Polyene-resistant Candida albicans strains pose a significant challenge in treating oral candidiasis.
  • Salivary histatins (His3, His5) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) show individual promise against oral pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the synergistic effects of Histatin 3 (His3) and Histatin 5 (His5) combined with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against mixed biofilms.
  • To assess the impact of these combined treatments on the viability, protein content, and structure of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
  • To determine the biocompatibility and efficacy of His3/His5 + aPDT in a 3D oral epithelium model.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D oral epithelium model was infected with mixed biofilms of polyene-resistant Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans.
  • Tissues were treated with His3 or His5, followed by infection and subsequent antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) application.
  • Biofilm viability (CFU/mL), total protein content, proteomic analysis, biocompatibility (MTT assay), and tissue invasion (histology) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Combined His3+aPDT and His5+aPDT treatments significantly reduced mixed biofilm viability by 67% and 65%, respectively (P < 0.01).
  • Individual treatments showed moderate reductions, with combined therapies demonstrating approximately 30% enhanced efficacy.
  • Histological analysis confirmed reduced biofilm penetration and hyphal formation, particularly with His5+aPDT, and proteomic analysis revealed downregulated structural and transport proteins in Candida albicans.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of Histatin 3 and Histatin 5 with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy offers enhanced efficacy against multispecies, drug-resistant oral biofilms.
  • This combined approach effectively reduces biofilm viability and compromises essential microbial proteins, presenting a promising therapeutic strategy.
  • His3/His5 + aPDT demonstrates biocompatibility and is a viable alternative for treating oral candidiasis, especially infections involving polyene-resistant Candida albicans.