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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over...
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Differential Imaging of Biological Structures with Doubly-resonant Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering CARS
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SEARCH LiDAR: single-emitter-and-receiver CDMA-Hadamard LiDAR for parallel ranging.

Yixiu Shen, Zi Heng Lim, Guangya Zhou

    Optics Express
    |December 19, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a cost-efficient LiDAR system using dual-modulation (CDMA and Hadamard encoding) for hybrid solid-state parallel ranging. This innovative SEARCH LiDAR architecture offers superior performance in low signal-to-noise ratio environments.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics and Photonics
    • Sensor Technology
    • Computer Vision

    Background:

    • Conventional LiDAR systems face limitations due to mechanical scanning complexity and high costs.
    • Existing parallel ranging solutions are often expensive and lack scalability.
    • There is a need for cost-effective and robust LiDAR for autonomous systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel, cost-efficient, and scalable LiDAR architecture.
    • To enable hybrid solid-state parallel ranging using a single emitter and receiver.
    • To enhance LiDAR performance, especially in noisy conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Integration of code-division multiple access (CDMA) temporal modulation with Hadamard matrix-based spatial encoding.
    • Development of a dual-modulation framework named SEARCH LiDAR (single-emitter-and-receiver CDMA-Hadamard LiDAR).
    • Implementation of hybrid solid-state scanning via wavelength tuning and CDMA encoding, followed by spatial modulation using S-matrices.

    Main Results:

    • Experimental validation of the 1D SEARCH LiDAR concept.
    • Demonstration of superior robustness in 3D imaging under varying low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions.
    • Feasibility confirmed for future extension to fully solid-state 2D scanning.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed SEARCH LiDAR architecture offers a practical pathway to low-cost, high-performance LiDAR.
    • The dual-modulation approach significantly improves robustness in noisy environments.
    • This technology is suitable for next-generation autonomous perception systems.