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Related Concept Videos

Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient01:17

Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient

The extended Debye-Hückel equation indicates that the activity coefficient of an ion in an aqueous solution at 25°C depends on three partially interdependent properties: the ionic strength of the solution, the charge of the ion, and the ion size. 
The activity coefficient value for an ion is close to one when the solution has almost zero ionic strength, i.e., when the solution shows close to ideal behavior. As the ionic strength of the solution increases from 0 to 0.1 mol/L, a decrease in the...
Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
Voltage Doubler Circuit01:23

Voltage Doubler Circuit

A voltage doubler circuit integrates two main components: a clamping section and a rectifier section. The clamping section consists of a capacitor (C1) and a diode (D1), whereas the rectifier section is equipped with another diode (D2) and capacitor (C2). This circuit produces an output voltage with twice the amplitude of the sinusoidal input voltage.
MOSFET: Enhancement Mode01:22

MOSFET: Enhancement Mode

Enhancement-mode MOSFETs are pivotal components in electronics, distinguished by their capacity to act as highly efficient switches. They are part of the larger family of metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). They are available in two types: p-channel and n-channel, each tailored to specific polarity operations.
In their basic form, enhancement-mode MOSFETs are typically non-conductive when the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is zero. This default 'off' state means no current...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation
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Gain dynamics in thulium-doped fiber amplifiers.

Benedikt Schuhbauer, Frithjof Haxsen, Uwe Morgner

    Optics Express
    |December 19, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study characterizes thulium-doped fiber amplifiers for 2 µm emission, crucial for low-noise amplifiers and frequency combs. Understanding gain dynamics aids in optimizing fiber amplifier design and performance.

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Rare-earth-doped silica glass fibers are key for advanced optical amplifiers and frequency combs.
    • Research focuses on the 2 µm spectral region using thulium-doped fibers for broadband, power-scalable gain.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To comprehensively characterize the transfer functions of thulium ions in silica glass for 2 µm emission.
    • To investigate the impact of different pumping schemes (1550 nm and 790 nm) on these transfer functions.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed semi-analytical and numerical models for thulium ion energy level systems and ion-ion interactions.
    • Characterized transfer functions, including magnitude and phase, under various pumping conditions.
    • Investigated in-band (1550 nm) and out-of-band (790 nm) pumping schemes.

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    Main Results:

    • Presented detailed transfer functions for thulium ions in silica glass for 2 µm emission.
    • Gained deeper insight into how various parameters influence these transfer functions.
    • Provided data supporting the optimization of fiber amplifier geometries and electronics for noise performance.

    Conclusions:

    • The characterization of thulium ion transfer functions is essential for designing low-noise amplifiers.
    • Results aid in selecting appropriate fiber amplifier configurations for optimal performance.
    • This research contributes to the development of sophisticated optical amplification technologies.