Insights of freshness phenotype detection for postharvest fruit and vegetables

The freshness phenotype of fruit and vegetables is a critical determinant of consumer satisfaction, selection, and public health, which plays a pivotal role in postharvest quality management. This paper presents a review of the definition and detection techniques used to assess and maintain this vital freshness phenotype. Advanced intelligent packaging technologies, that incorporate sensors, indicators, and data carrier systems, and their roles in dynamically monitoring the freshness phenotype during storage and transportation are discussed. The integration of nondestructive testing (NDT) methods such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), hyperspectral imaging (HSI), machine vision, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) offers real-time, precise assessments of the freshness phenotype without compromising the integrity of the produce. By understanding the underlying mechanisms of the fruit and vegetable freshness phenotype, this paper discusses the definition, detection technologies, and gaps that require further research. The integration of advanced quantitative models with NDT and intelligent packaging solutions has the potential to reduce food waste. This advancement will lead to better quality control, extended shelf life, and increased consumer confidence in fresh produce, driving innovation and application within the food industry.