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Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts

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Highly Dispersed Rhodium on MXenes via Microwave Solvothermal Strategy for High-Performance Hydrogen Evolution

Anton S Zverev¹, Christopher Penschke¹, Leonardo Cancellara²

¹Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|December 19, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a new microwave method to add rhodium to MXene nanoflakes, boosting hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) efficiency. The enhanced rhodium sites show catalytic activity rivaling platinum.

Keywords:

Ab Initio DFT modeling MXenes electrocatalysis hydrogen evolution reaction microwave assisted solvothermal treatment rhodium catalytic sites

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Published on: August 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Transition metal carbides (MXenes) like Ti3C2 and V2C are promising but require enhanced catalytic properties.
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for clean energy production, demanding efficient and cost-effective catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel microwave-assisted solvothermal method for decorating MXenes with rhodium catalytic sites.
To significantly enhance the electrocatalytic efficiency of MXenes for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).

Main Methods:

Microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis to decorate Ti3C2 and V2C MXene nanoflakes with rhodium.
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for structural and chemical state analysis.
Electrocatalytic testing in acidic, basic, and neutral media to evaluate HER performance.

Main Results:

Microwave treatment promoted the formation of subnanometer-sized rhodium (Rh) catalytic sites without altering nanoflake structure.
XPS and DFT analysis identified Rh anchored to oxygen-terminated MXene surfaces (RhOn) as the active sites.
Rh-decorated MXenes exhibited superior HER performance across various pH conditions, with turnover frequencies comparable to platinum.

Conclusions:

The microwave-assisted solvothermal method effectively creates highly dispersed, subnanometer rhodium catalytic sites on MXenes.
The RhOn structure on oxygen-terminated MXene surfaces is key to enhanced HER electrocatalytic activity.
The study proposes a criterion for electrocatalytic efficiency based on hydrogen adsorption free energy at catalytic sites.