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Deep learning-based simulated contrast-enhanced MRI for rectal cancer evaluation: a multicenter study.

Piao Yang1, Nuo Tong2, Zhi Li1

  • 1Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Abdominal Radiology (New York)
|December 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Deep learning can generate realistic simulated contrast-enhanced rectal MRI scans from pre-contrast images. These synthetic scans show high similarity to real scans, aiding in diagnosis and treatment evaluation for rectal cancer.

Keywords:
Artificial intelligenceMagnetic resonance imagingRectal cancerSimulated enhancement

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology and Medical Imaging
  • Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Contrast-enhanced MRI is crucial for rectal cancer diagnosis and treatment planning.
  • Acquiring contrast-enhanced MRI can involve logistical challenges and potential risks.
  • Simulating these scans could offer a valuable alternative or supplement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of deep learning for generating simulated contrast-enhanced T1-weighted rectal MRI from pre-contrast sequences.
  • To compare the diagnostic quality and tumor characteristics between real and simulated contrast-enhanced MRI scans.

Main Methods:

  • A deep learning model (2D Generative Adversarial Network) was trained on 514 rectal cancer patient MRI scans.
  • Simulated contrast-enhanced scans were generated from pre-contrast T1-weighted images.
  • Quantitative metrics (similarity, Dice coefficient) and qualitative assessments by radiologists were performed on 104 paired scans.

Main Results:

  • Simulated scans showed high similarity to real scans (SSI: 0.82, Dice: 0.86).
  • Tumor size measurements were strongly correlated (ICC: 0.76-0.88) with minimal differences.
  • Radiologists rated 98% of synthetic scans as diagnostically suitable, with comparable tumor enhancement and image quality.

Conclusions:

  • Deep learning-generated simulated contrast-enhanced MRI scans are comparable to real scans.
  • These synthetic scans hold potential as a supportive tool for rectal cancer diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
  • This technology may improve efficiency and accessibility in MRI-based cancer assessment.