Quality, Authenticity, and Classification of Honeys Produced in Muğla Province, Türkiye

This study evaluated the quality and authenticity of 20 honey samples from Muğla Province, Türkiye, using a comprehensive analytical approach. Physicochemical parameters were measured according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and International Honey Commission (IHC) methods, and authenticity was assessed via δ¹³C analysis using Combustion Module-Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CM-CRDS). High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Variable Wavelength Detector (HPLC-VWD) was employed for Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) determination, while HPLC-RID (Refractive Index Detector) was used to profile sugar composition. Results demonstrated that all samples complied with Codex and Turkish Food Codex (TFC) standards. Moisture, pH, free acidity, and electrical conductivity (EC) values ranged between 16.30-19.30%, 3.30-5.07, 9.63-68.30 meq/kg, and 0.26-1.48 mS/cm, respectively. Cedar honey exhibited outstanding quality with the highest diastase activity (23.04 Schade units) and proline content (1742 mg/kg), coupled with the lowest HMF (2.61 mg/kg). None of the honeys contained sucrose or maltose, and C4 sugar levels were consistently <7%, confirming authenticity. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed five distinct compositional groups reflecting botanical and ecological origins. These findings highlight the high quality of Muğla honeys and demonstrate the utility of combined analytical and multivariate approaches for honey authentication and classification. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates the high quality and authenticity of honeys produced in Muğla Province, Türkiye, and identifies compositional and isotopic markers linked to botanical and ecological origins. These findings provide practical guidance for honey producers in implementing routine quality checks, monitoring key indicators of authenticity, and differentiating products based on regional and floral characteristics. Quality control agencies can use the identified markers to enhance surveillance and ensure compliance with national and international standards. Furthermore, certification bodies may incorporate these indicators into regional certification schemes, supporting traceability, consumer confidence, and the promotion of genuine, high-quality honey.