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ATP Synthase: Structure

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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...

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Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

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Published on: November 9, 2017

Convergent thyroid-ATPase interactions regulate collective behavior in Danionella.

David Zada¹, Mykola Kadobianskyi², Benjamin Judkewitz²

¹Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.

|December 19, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Social behavior impairment in juvenile, isolated, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) models shares common genetic pathways. Researchers identified key genes like KLF9 and ATP1A1A.4, revealing convergent molecular mechanisms regulating social interactions.

Keywords:

ATPase CP: Neuroscience CRISPR Danionella RNAseq autism spectrum disorder collective behavior klf9 thyroid

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Genetics
Animal Behavior

Background:

Collective behavior is fundamental in many species, emerging from social interactions.
Social behavior deficits are observed in immature, socially isolated, and genetically perturbed animals, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) models.
The underlying genetic pathways for impaired social behavior across these conditions are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the genetic regulators of collective schooling behavior in Danionella cerebrum.
To identify shared genetic pathways underlying social behavior impairment in different conditions.

Main Methods:

RNA sequencing was applied to the brains of juvenile, socially isolated adult, and ASD-related gene crispant Danionella cerebrum.
Gene expression profiles were compared to control groups.
Genetic and pharmacological manipulations were used to confirm gene function.

Main Results:

A small set of differentially expressed genes was common across impaired social behavior conditions.
Key identified genes include those involved in thyroid signaling, circadian rhythms, the transcription factor klf9, and the ATPase subunit atp1a1a.4.
Functional experiments confirmed the importance of these genes in regulating social interactions.

Conclusions:

Convergent molecular pathways regulate social interactions and collective behavior.
Shared genetic mechanisms contribute to social behavior deficits in juvenile, isolated, and ASD models.
Thyroid signaling, circadian rhythm genes, KLF9, and ATP1A1A.4 are important regulators of social behavior.