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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for Determining the Viability of Bacteria in Association with Mammalian Cells
Published on: September 5, 2013
Xiang Shi1,2, Hasrizal Abd Rahman1,3, Julia R de Rezende4
1Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
Propidium monoazide (PMA) viability staining improves biocide efficacy assessment by accurately distinguishing live from dead microbes. This method offers a more reliable evaluation of biocide performance in energy sector applications.
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