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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Core/shell Printing Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Of Tubular Structures
05:52

Core/shell Printing Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Of Tubular Structures

Published on: September 27, 2019

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Indirect 3D printing in tissue engineering: expanding materials used for improved scaffold functionality.

Marjan Bahraminasab1, Mohadeseh Arabhalvaei2, Mohammad Amin Ghanbari2

  • 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. m.bahraminasab@yahoo.com.

Biomedical Engineering Online
|December 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

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Indirect 3D printing (I3DP) overcomes limitations of direct 3D printing for tissue engineering scaffolds. This method enables a wider material range and improved scaffold quality, advancing patient-specific construct fabrication.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) printing is pivotal for tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds, offering architectural versatility.
  • Limitations exist in direct 3D printing regarding material range and printability of certain materials like natural polymers and bioceramics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the state-of-the-art utilization of indirect 3D printing (I3DP) in tissue engineering.
  • To highlight I3DP's advantages over direct 3D printing for scaffold fabrication.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing 3D printed sacrificial molds to create scaffolds from diverse materials, including difficult-to-print ones.
  • Detailed examination of mold design, software, 3D printing machines, materials, and mold removal techniques.
Keywords:
3D printingBiomaterialsNegative moldScaffoldTissue engineering

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Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

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Main Results:

  • I3DP enables the use of a broader spectrum of materials for scaffold fabrication.
  • Achieves high-strength ceramic scaffolds without defects, superior resolution, and minimal material waste.
  • Overcomes limitations of direct 3D printing, such as poor printability and restricted material compatibility.

Conclusions:

  • Indirect 3D printing is a powerful technique for producing patient-specific tissue engineering scaffolds.
  • I3DP offers enhanced material flexibility, improved scaffold quality, and greater efficiency compared to direct 3D printing.