Zebrafish as a new approach methodology (NAM) in dermatology: current research and the regulatory landscape focusing on sustainable development goals

The conventional dependence on mammalian models in dermatological research is increasingly subject to ethical and sustainability-focused scrutiny, prompting a transition toward new approach methodologies (NAMs). Within this paradigm, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have surfaced as a persuasive alternative due to their genetic and physiological congruence with human skin, optical clarity during early developmental stages, accelerated life cycle, prolific reproductive capacity, and economically viable maintenance. This review describes recent research using zebrafish models in dermatology, including skin pigmentation disorders, barrier function, wound healing and regeneration, pharmacological discovery, genetic and inflammatory skin conditions, and melanoma. By examining the research, ethical, and logistical merits of zebrafish NAMs, this review emphasizes their contribution to fostering more humane and efficient research frameworks. Such integration also aligns with various United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3, 9, 12, 13, 14, and 17, particularly regarding the accessible biomedical innovation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The review also recognizes ongoing challenges, such as regulatory fragmentation and inconsistent validation of dermatological endpoints, which impede widespread translational acceptance. It concludes by presenting strategic recommendations for international collaboration, targeted financial support, cross-sector partnerships, and regulatory harmonization to realize the potential of zebrafish-based NAMs in dermatological research.