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The psychological preparedness of at-risk Indonesian communities to disaster (PREPARED) scale: Validation and norm
Pradytia Pertiwi1, L Resmiya1, L Geshica2
1Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.
Background:
Current preparedness initiatives in Indonesia largely emphasise physical readiness, with limited focus on psychological aspects, even though higher psychological preparedness is linked to better material readiness, effective stress management, and lower post-disaster mental health problems.
Objective:
The Psychological Preparedness of At-Risk Indonesian Communities to Disaster (PREPARED) scale, developed to measure this preparedness, encompasses 10 constructs, totaling 41 items.
Methods:
The validation process employed Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using weighted least squares means and variance adjusted (WLSMV) estimation for ordinal data, Multi-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MG-CFA) to test measurement invariance, and reliability estimation. Normative scoring was also developed. Data were collected from 1734 participants (M = 38.18, SD = 17.53) across 27 provinces in Indonesia.
Results:
The results indicate that the multidimensional model fits well, with CFA indices showing a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of 0.974, Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) of 0.970, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of 0.040. The MG-CFA results showed measurement invariance across gender, confirming the scale's applicability across this sub-group. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance were established, supporting the robustness of the scale's measurement properties. The scale's internal consistency is high, with an Omega McDonald reliability coefficient of 0.912, indicating reliable PREPARED scale scores.
Conclusion:
The development of normative data enhances its practical value for assessing and improving psychological preparedness in at-risk communities. Further research should expand validity testing to strengthen the PREPARED scale's robustness for practical and scholarly use.
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