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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Using Informational Connectivity to Measure the Synchronous Emergence of fMRI Multi-voxel Information Across Time
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Chronometric interleaved TMS-fMRI shows state-dependent network effects underlying speech production.

Maria Vasileiadi1, Anna-Lisa Schuler2, Michael Woletz1

  • 1Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.

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|December 20, 2025
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Summary

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during speech's linguistic phase amplified brain activity, causing speech arrest. This challenges the "virtual lesion" model, showing state-dependent overactivation, not suppression.

Keywords:
Causal brain mappingChronometric TMS-fMRILanguage networkSpeech productionState-dependent effectsTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Speech Processing

Background:

  • Speech production involves complex cortical networks.
  • Causal dynamics within speech networks are not fully understood.
  • The temporal specificity of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) effects on speech is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal role of specific brain regions in speech production.
  • To explore how the timing of TMS during speech impacts behavior and neural activity.
  • To challenge the traditional
  • virtual lesion
  • model of TMS.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel chronometric interleaved TMS-fMRI paradigm.
  • Delivered TMS to the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) during object naming.
  • Stimulated during early conceptual and later linguistic processing stages, recording BOLD responses.

Main Results:

  • TMS during linguistic processing caused speech arrest and increased activation in language areas (IFG, STG).
  • Stimulation during conceptual processing had minimal neural effects.
  • Speech disruption resulted from state-dependent overactivation, not suppression.

Conclusions:

  • TMS can amplify neural activity in a state-dependent manner, challenging the
  • virtual lesion
  • view.
  • Established a novel framework for temporally precise causal mapping of speech networks.
  • Highlighted the critical role of cognitive state in brain responses to stimulation.