Systematic review on CT/MRI-guided sonodynamic cancer therapy

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) represents a novel noninvasive cancer treatment method which uses ultrasound (US) to activate sonosensitizers that produce cytotoxic effects in deep tissues by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). The clinical application of this therapy faces obstacles related to tumor localization and complications in real-time monitoring.

This systematic review evaluates recent preclinical advances in computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -guided SDT using nano contrast agents (NCAs). A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from January 2015 to March 2025 identified 26 eligible studies. Data on nanoconstruct design, imaging mechanisms, therapeutic outcomes, and translational potential were extracted and assessed.

The majority of studies utilized MRI-guided SDT systems that applied gadolinium or manganese-based NCAs to enhance soft tissue contrast and provide real-time monitoring capabilities. High-atomic-number nanoparticles were used in CT-guided SDT to achieve improved anatomical resolution. The dual-modal platforms showed better tumor visualization along with stronger ROS production and tumor regression while keeping systemic toxicity to a minimum.

The CT/MRI-guided SDT provides a promising theranostic method to achieve precise and effective cancer treatment. Clinical translation demands standardized protocols alongside clinically relevant models and thorough safety evaluations.