Mindfulness on the brain: a review of structural and functional MRI findings in mindfulness-based stress reduction

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is an evidence-based program that integrates meditation, bodily awareness, and yoga to manage stress and reduce anxiety. Neuroimaging studies suggest that MBSR modulates brain networks involved in emotion regulation, self-awareness, and attention, though findings remain inconsistent. Structural and functional MRI (fMRI) have been used to investigate these effects, focusing on default mode, salience, limbic, and central executive networks.

To synthesize MRI and fMRI research on the effects of MBSR on brain structure, neural activation, and functional connectivity, with emphasis on networks related to emotion and attention regulation.

A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus to identify studies published between 2009-2024 on MBSR and neuroimaging. Search terms included yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction, MRI, fMRI, and neuroimaging. Of 586 articles screened, 27 met inclusion criteria, comprising 9 structural MRI, 10 neural activation, and 11 functional connectivity studies.

Structural MRI findings were inconsistent; most studies reported no significant gray matter changes. Small studies noted modest increases in hippocampal and amygdala volume. In contrast, fMRI consistently demonstrated functional changes across key networks. Neural activation studies showed increased activity in the superior parietal lobule, posterior cingulate cortex, and prefrontal regions. Functional connectivity studies reported enhanced coupling between the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala.

MBSR appears to influence brain function more than structure, with consistent enhancement of activity and connectivity in networks that support emotion regulation, self-referential processing, and attention. Findings suggest improved top-down regulation of emotion, though study heterogeneity limits conclusions.