Inferior Vena Cava Filters: Relevant Issues for Hospitalists and Intensivists

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) filters are medical devices that are inserted into the IVC as a form of mechanical prophylaxis against pulmonary emboli (PE). Placement of IVC filters is controversial, as IVC filters can lead to complications, especially when left implanted for longer than the recommended time. In this review, IVC filter complications are divided into several categories: acute, long-term, and those associated with filter removal. Life-threatening complications of IVC filter use also are examined. Key factors for IVC filter selection are discussed, with a focus on the patients who present with indications for mechanical PE prophylaxis in an acute care setting. Additionally, filters with increased rates of complications, as well as the indications for filter removal, are discussed with an emphasis on applications in critical care medicine.