Rational Structure Design-Based 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Implants

Interventional operation with implants serves as the first-line treatment for many cardiovascular diseases. However, current clinical implants are still limited by several challenges, such as suboptimal physicochemical and biological properties, insufficient personalization, and high incidence of implant-related complications. Cardiovascular implants fabricated via 3D printing with rational structure design have demonstrated superior spatiotemporal control over biological, mechanical, and pharmacological functionalities, enabling individual customization and performance optimization. Thus, they provide a highly promising solution for cardiovascular tissue repair and functional restoration. This review summarizes advanced 3D printing technologies, materials, and the realization of desired performances through rational structure design. Furthermore, it elaborates on the applications of 3D-printed implants in treating heart failure, coronary heart disease, and valve disease, emphasizing how rational structure design can address the limitations of current clinical implants. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potential solutions associated with the clinical translation of customized implants, offering novel insights into the development of 3D printed cardiovascular implants.