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Smart Paper-Based Nanosensor for Simultaneous Environmental eMonitoring of Nitrate and Nitrite.

Mahdi Oroujlo^1,2, Zeinab Bagheri¹, Tina Naghdi²

¹Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran.

ACS Measurement Science Au

|December 22, 2025

Summary

A new portable, paper-based fluorescent sensor detects nitrate and nitrite contamination. This IoT-integrated device offers rapid, on-site environmental monitoring with high sensitivity and ease of use.

Keywords:

Nitrate and nitrite detection carbon dots on-site monitoring paper-based sensors point-of-need smart sensors

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Analytical Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Nitrate and nitrite contamination from agricultural and industrial sources threaten public health and the environment.
Current detection methods are often complex, time-consuming, and require specialized equipment, hindering field applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a portable, IoT-integrated, paper-based fluorescent sensor for sensitive and simultaneous detection of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-).
To create a device meeting WHO's REASSURED criteria for ideal sensing technologies.

Main Methods:

Utilized phenylene-diamine-derived carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as fluorescent probes.
Implemented an on-strip reduction method to convert nitrate to nitrite for unified detection.
Integrated the sensor with a hand-held optoelectronic reader and smartphone interface for real-time data analysis and wireless transmission.

Main Results:

Achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 ppm for both analytes.
Demonstrated a linear response range from 1 to 100 ppm.
Validated the sensor's performance using real water samples, accurately quantifying nitrate and nitrite concentrations.

Conclusions:

The developed sensor provides a green, low-cost, and efficient solution for on-site environmental monitoring.
The integration of nanotechnology, paper-based analytical devices, and smart sensing enables rapid decision-making for water quality assessment.