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    Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections in European birds were unprecedented in 2025. While human infections remain rare, increased HPAI circulation in animals heightens exposure risks for humans.

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Public Health
    • Epidemiology
    • Zoonotic Diseases

    Background:

    • Unprecedented levels of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections were observed in European wild and domestic birds between September and November 2025.
    • The magnitude and geographical spread, particularly in wild birds like waterfowl and common cranes, marked a significant increase for this period.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report on the epidemiological situation of HPAI A(H5) in Europe during late 2025.
    • To assess the implications of widespread HPAI circulation in animals for human health.
    • To document HPAI cases in mammals and humans during the specified period.

    Main Methods:

    • Surveillance data on HPAI A(H5) virus detections in birds and mammals across 29 European countries were collected and analyzed.
    • Human cases of avian influenza were reported from four countries, with details on virus subtype and potential exposure routes.
    • Risk assessment for human populations, considering occupational and general public exposure, was conducted.

    Main Results:

    • Over 2896 HPAI A(H5) detections occurred in European birds, with wild birds accounting for the majority (2454).
    • Outbreaks in domestic birds were often primary, linked to indirect contact with wild birds. Turkeys were proportionally most affected, and vaccinated ducks also experienced outbreaks.
    • Nineteen human avian influenza cases, including two deaths, were reported globally, with all A(H5) human cases reporting poultry exposure. A slight increase in HPAI detections in mammals was also noted.

    Conclusions:

    • The high circulation of HPAI in wild birds poses an increased risk of human exposure, though human infections remain rare with no documented human-to-human transmission.
    • The risk from circulating avian A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses is low for the general EU/EEA public but low-to-moderate for exposed individuals.
    • Continued surveillance and risk assessment are crucial given the dynamic nature of avian influenza virus circulation in animal populations.