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To Signal or Not to Signal? A Non-cooperative Game-Theoretic Approach to Discretionary Communication Between Road

Isam Bitar1, Albert Solernou Crusat1, Richard Romano1

  • 1Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, 34-40 University Rd, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK.

SN Computer Science
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Discretionary communication in road user interactions, modeled using non-cooperative game theory, enhances communicator advantage and overall safety. This approach benefits the entire network beyond mandatory communication strategies.

Keywords:
Bayesian gamesCheap talkCommunicationDiscretionary communicationEmergent cooperationFirst mover advantageGame theoryNon-cooperative games

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Area of Science:

  • Traffic safety and human-computer interaction
  • Game theory applications in transportation
  • Behavioral economics and decision-making

Background:

  • Effective communication between road users is crucial for safe interactions.
  • Non-cooperative game theory provides a framework for analyzing communicative behavior.
  • Existing models often assume mandatory communication, limiting strategic interaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate the impact of discretionary communication in road user interactions.
  • To compare outcomes of mandatory versus discretionary communication using simulations.
  • To determine if discretionary communication offers additional benefits for safety and interaction outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Development of simulated road user interaction scenarios.
  • Application of non-cooperative game theory principles.
  • Comparative analysis of interaction outcomes under different communication protocols (mandatory vs. discretionary).

Main Results:

  • Non-cooperative game theory effectively models emergent behaviors beneficial to the network.
  • Discretionary communication significantly improves interaction outcomes for the communicator.
  • Discretionary communication enhances safety for all road users beyond mandatory communication benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Discretionary communication is a valuable addition to road user interaction models.
  • Allowing users to strategically mask intent can lead to improved individual and network performance.
  • Further research into discretionary communication can optimize traffic safety and efficiency.