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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

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Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
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Synthesis of Plant Phenol-derived Polymeric Dyes for Direct or Mordant-based Hair Dyeing
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Cross-Linking in Keratin-Based Films Enhances Cationic and Anionic Dye Adsorption.

Tridib Samanta1, Arijit Maity1, Swagata Dasgupta1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.

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Summary

Chemically cross-linked films made from waste human hair keratin effectively remove both cationic and anionic dyes. These sustainable bioplastic films offer improved properties and higher adsorption capacities, addressing urgent environmental needs for dye removal.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Industrialization has led to increased dye usage and environmental pollution, necessitating sustainable dye removal solutions.
  • Existing adsorbents often selectively remove either cationic or anionic dyes, limiting their practical application.
  • Waste protein, specifically human hair keratin, presents an underutilized resource for developing novel materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop chemically cross-linked keratin-based bioplastic films from waste human hair for efficient adsorption of both cationic and anionic dyes.
  • To compare the properties and dye adsorption performance of cross-linked keratin films with pristine keratin films.
  • To investigate the structural, mechanical, thermal, and biodegradability characteristics of the developed films.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of chemically cross-linked and pristine keratin films from waste human hair.
  • Characterization of film morphology, surface properties, and mechanical strength using techniques like FT-IR and XRD.
  • Assessment of thermal stability and biodegradability.
  • Batch adsorption studies using model cationic (methylene blue, rhodamine 6G) and anionic (bromophenol blue) dyes.
  • Kinetic modeling and diffusion analysis (Weber-Morris model) to understand adsorption mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Cross-linked keratin films exhibited enhanced surface morphology and mechanical properties compared to pristine films.
  • FT-IR and XRD analysis indicated a conformational change from α-helix to β-sheet structure upon cross-linking.
  • The cross-linked films demonstrated good thermal stability (up to 200 °C) and biodegradability.
  • Significantly higher adsorption capacities were observed for cross-linked films: ~10% for methylene blue, ~50% for rhodamine 6G, and ~70% for bromophenol blue.
  • Intraparticle diffusion was identified as the rate-limiting step in the dye adsorption process.

Conclusions:

  • Chemically cross-linked keratin films derived from waste human hair are effective and versatile materials for adsorbing both cationic and anionic dyes.
  • The cross-linking process improves the material's structural integrity and adsorption efficiency.
  • These keratin-based films represent a promising, sustainable approach to wastewater treatment and dye removal, contributing to environmental remediation efforts.