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Scale Differentiation Tuning of Electronic Metal-Support Interactions to Construct a Robust Ruthenium-Based Catalyst

Chongyang Zeng1, Yongyin Zhu1, Zihong Rao1

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advance Technology of Ceramics College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Developing advanced catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is key for water electrolysis. This study introduces a novel Ruthenium single-atom/nanocluster catalyst on N-doped carbon, significantly boosting HER activity and stability for efficient hydrogen production.

Keywords:
EMSIHERNanoclusterNitrogen‐doped carbonRu single atom

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts are vital for industrial water electrolysis.
  • Ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts show potential as alternatives to platinum (Pt), but often suffer from low activity and poor utilization.
  • Developing low-cost, highly active, and stable HER catalysts remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a novel Ruthenium single-atom/nanocluster (RuSA/NC) catalyst supported on 3D ordered hierarchical porous N-doped carbon (3DOM-NC).
  • To enhance the electronic metal-support interaction and optimize the catalytic activity and stability for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
  • To investigate the structure-activity relationship and understand the mechanism behind the enhanced performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a 3D ordered hierarchical porous N-doped carbon (3DOM-NC) support.
  • Anchoring of Ruthenium single atoms and nanoclusters (RuSA/NC) onto the 3DOM-NC support with differentiated scaling.
  • Electrochemical characterization including cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
  • Durability testing in an anion exchange membrane electrolyzer under high current density.

Main Results:

  • The designed RuSA/NC/3DOM-NC catalyst exhibited significantly enhanced intrinsic HER activity, with a turnover frequency (TOF) 7.7 times higher than commercial Pt/C at 100 mV overpotential.
  • The catalyst demonstrated superior water dissociation capability and optimized reaction intermediate adsorption due to modulated electronic structure of Ru sites.
  • The catalyst showed remarkable stability, operating continuously for over 130 hours at 100 mA cm-2 during overall water splitting.

Conclusions:

  • The novel RuSA/NC/3DOM-NC catalyst presents a highly effective strategy for improving HER performance through optimized electronic metal-support interactions and dual-site synergy.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for developing next-generation, low-cost, and highly efficient electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production.
  • The findings highlight the importance of precise control over catalyst structure and active site engineering for advancing water electrolysis technology.