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Research on differences in sexual orientation and identity.
Vicente Soriano1, Ondina Vélez2, José I Sánchez-Méndez3,4
1UNIR Health Sciences School and Medical Center, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Madrid, Spain.
AIDS Reviews
|December 22, 2025
Summary
Human sexuality encompasses reproductive and affective dimensions. Differences in sex development (DSD), same-sex attraction, and transgender identity represent variations that warrant medical and research consideration for inclusivity and well-being.
Area of Science:
- Human biology and sexuality
- Evolutionary biology
- Psychology and sociology
Background:
- Human sexuality has both reproductive and affective functions.
- Variations in sexuality include intersex states (differences of sex development - DSD), same-sex orientation, and gender dysphoria.
- These variations can challenge traditional understandings of sex and gender.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the spectrum of human sexual differences.
- To update on the major determinants of these differences.
- To propose a framework for respectful research into variations in sexuality.
Main Methods:
- Review of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors influencing sexual development and identity.
- Analysis of existing medical and scientific approaches to variations in sexuality.
- Conceptual framework development for understanding sexual diversity.
Main Results:
- Biological factors are primary drivers of differences of sex development (DSD).
- Psychological and sociocultural variables significantly influence same-sex orientation and transgender identity.
- A medical categorization of sexual orientation and self-identity differences is proposed, drawing parallels with DSD.
Conclusions:
- Recognizing variations in sexuality, including same-sex attraction and transgender identity, as differences is crucial for respectful research.
- Inclusive efforts are needed to prevent discrimination against individuals with atypical sexuality.
- Medical and research attention to these variations is essential for the well-being and flourishing of affected individuals.
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