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Updated: Jan 8, 2026
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3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii
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Toxocara Infection and Its Association With Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and
Mohammad Javad Boozhmehrani1,2, Amir Mootabi Alavi3, Mehdi Tavalla1,4
1Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH
|December 22, 2025
Summary
Toxocara parasite infection is linked to several neurological disorders, including ADHD and epilepsy. While the association with psychiatric conditions is less clear, further research is needed to understand this link.
Area of Science:
- * Infectious Diseases
- * Neuroscience
- * Public Health
Background:
- * Zoonotic parasites, such as Toxocara species, are increasingly implicated in neurological and psychiatric conditions.
- * Understanding the association between Toxocara infection and neuropsychiatric disorders is crucial for public health.
- * Existing evidence from observational studies requires synthesis to assess the strength of this link.
Conclusions:
- * Toxocara infection shows a significant association with several neurological disorders and a notable link with schizophrenia.
- * Potential mechanisms include neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter disruption, though causality is not established.
- * Further longitudinal and mechanistic research is essential to elucidate the role of Toxocara exposure in neuropsychiatric diseases.
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