Monte Carlo simulations of two-dimensional flat-sheet membrane filters for constant-pressure water purification

Membrane filtration is widely used in water treatment to remove foulants from contaminated water. Foulant buildup on the membrane occludes the area open for fluid flow, which impairs the efficiency of the filtration operation by decreasing the flux through the membrane. Backwashing (BW) is a strategy to restore the membrane, wherein clean water is processed backward through the membrane to dislodge attached foulants. We develop a Monte Carlo model to simulate constant-pressure forward filtration (FF) and BW through dead-end, flat-sheet membranes, with membrane fouling dominated by intermediate blocking. We validate our model against real-world experiments conducted with different foulant types and concentrations and run under different filtration conditions. Relying primarily on measurable physical parameters and employing easy-to-implement parameter fitting techniques as needed, we show good agreement between experimental data and numerical simulations. We extend these results to predict flux behavior in FF and BW when foulant properties or filtration conditions are varied. This model can be used to further investigate the impact of varying BW duration, frequency, and/or pressure on the rate of flux recovery.