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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), which is defined as the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and 15.5 °C, since the energy needed shows a slight temperature dependence. Another commonly used unit is...
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Heat capacity is the ratio of heat absorbed by the substance corresponding to its temperature change. It is also called thermal capacity and the SI unit of heat capacity is J/K. Whereas, specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat necessary to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K and is also called massic heat capacity. Its SI unit is J/kg⋅K.
Molar heat capacity quantifies the ratio of the amount of heat added (or removed) to increase (or decrease) the...
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Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas II01:23

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For a system that undergoes a thermodynamic process at a constant volume condition, the heat absorbed is used only to increase the system's internal energy and not for doing any kind of work. While for a system undergoing a thermodynamic process under a constant pressure condition, the amount of heat absorbed is used not only for increasing the internal energy (as a function of temperature) but also for doing some work. The molar heat capacity is the amount of heat required to increase the...
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The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d represents the number of degrees of freedom of an ideal gas, the molar heat capacity at constant volume of an ideal gas in terms of d is
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The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
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Nonlocal current-driven heat flow in ideal plasmas.

Nicholas Mitchell1, David Chapman2, Grigory Kagan1

  • 1Imperial College, The Blackett Laboratory, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.

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|December 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals a novel nonlocal mechanism that significantly enhances current-driven heat flux in plasmas, particularly at higher effective ionizations. These enhancements occur even with relatively weak electron flows, impacting plasma energy transport.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Fusion Energy
  • Astrophysical Plasmas

Background:

  • Electron heat flux is a dominant energy transport mechanism in collisional plasmas.
  • Nonlocal conductive heat transport due to temperature gradients is well-studied.
  • Nonlocal effects on current-driven heat flow and friction remain less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate nonlocal effects on current-driven transport using a first-principles reduced kinetic method.
  • To identify and characterize novel nonlocal mechanisms influencing current-driven heat flux.

Main Methods:

  • Application of a first-principles reduced kinetic method.
  • Analysis of nonlocal effects on current-driven transport.
  • Introduction and analysis of the dimensionless flow number N_u = |u_e - u_i| / v_{th,e}.

Main Results:

  • A novel nonlocal mechanism significantly enhances current-driven heat flux.
  • This enhancement is more prevalent for higher effective ionizations (Z*).
  • Enhancements occur for weak flows (N_u ≳ 1/100), analogous to standard nonlocal effects.

Conclusions:

  • Current-driven heat flux exhibits significant nonlocal behavior beyond gradient-driven effects.
  • Plasma current strength and effective ionization are critical factors in nonlocal transport.
  • Findings are relevant for understanding energy transport in fusion and astrophysical plasmas.