When heterogeneity drives hysteresis: Anticonformity in the multistate q-voter model on networks

Discontinuous phase transitions are closely linked to tipping points, critical mass effects, and hysteresis, phenomena that have been confirmed empirically and recognized as highly important in social systems. The multistate q-voter model, an agent-based approach to simulate discrete decision-making and opinion dynamics, is particularly relevant in this context. Previous studies of the q-voter model with anticonformity on complete graphs uncovered a counterintuitive result. Changing the model formulation from the annealed (homogeneous agents with varying behavior) to quenched (heterogeneous agents with fixed behavior) produces discontinuous phase transitions. This is contrary to the common expectation that quenched heterogeneity smooths transitions. To test whether this effect is merely a mean-field artifact, we extend the analysis to random graphs. Using pair approximation and Monte Carlo simulations, we show that the phenomenon persists beyond the complete graph, specifically on random graphs and Barabási-Albert scale-free networks. The novelty of our work is twofold: (i) we demonstrate for the first time that replacing the annealed with the quenched approach can change the type of phase transitions from continuous to discontinuous not only on complete graphs but also on sparser networks, and (ii) we provide pair-approximation results for the multistate q-voter model with competing conformity and anticonformity mechanisms, covering both quenched and annealed cases, which had previously been studied only in binary models.