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Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
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The Prevalence and Trends of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Among Hospitalized Patients Undergoing Cardiac

Charles O Poluyi1, Omar A Oudit1, Jamal C Perry2

  • 1Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA.

Cureus
|December 23, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is increasingly common in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), leading to worse outcomes. Early risk stratification and nephroprotective strategies are crucial for this population.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a known risk with iodinated contrast agents used in cardiac procedures.
  • Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) requires contrast, posing a risk for CIN in heart failure patients.
  • The prevalence and outcomes of CIN in CRT recipients are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the annual prevalence and trends of CIN in patients undergoing CRT.
  • To evaluate the association of CIN with clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization in CRT patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) from 2016-2020.
  • Identified adult patients undergoing CRT or CRT-D implantation using ICD-10 codes.
  • Analyzed CIN prevalence, 30-day readmission, mortality, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and CRRT use, with multivariable logistic regression for temporal trends.

Main Results:

  • CIN prevalence increased from 20.61% in 2016 to 26.40% in 2020 (p < 0.001).
  • CIN was linked to higher 30-day readmissions, longer hospital stays, and increased costs.
  • Incidence of metabolic acidosis and CRRT use also rose significantly; overall mortality was higher in CIN patients but showed no significant time trend.

Conclusions:

  • CIN is a growing complication in CRT patients, associated with adverse outcomes and increased healthcare utilization.
  • Findings highlight the need for standardized nephroprotective strategies, including contrast dose reduction and early risk assessment.
  • Mitigating renal complications in this high-risk group is essential.
Abstract

Keywords:
acute kidney injurycardiac resynchronization therapychronic kidney diseasecontrast-induced nephropathyheart failurehospital readmission

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