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Updated: May 15, 2026

Intramucosal Inoculation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Mice for Tumor Immune Profiling and Treatment Response Assessment

Intramucosal Inoculation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Mice for Tumor Immune Profiling and Treatment Response Assessment

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Predicting Different Recurrence Risk in HNSCC Using Circulating Inflammatory and T-Cell Biomarkers.

Riccardo Gili^1,2, Paola Lovino Camerino^3,4, Luca Lalli⁵

¹Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.

The Laryngoscope

|December 23, 2025

Summary

Platelet counts and inflammatory markers predict recurrence in head and neck cancers. T-cell ratios offer protection against distant spread, suggesting complex immune system roles in HNSCC progression.

Keywords:

biomarkers head and neck squamous cell carcinoma inflammatory recurrence

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Published on: March 7, 2025

Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunology
Biomarker Research

Background:

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) lacks reliable prognostic circulating biomarkers.
The immune system's role in HNSCC progression is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the prognostic value of systemic inflammatory and immune biomarkers in surgically treated patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) or laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC).

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 394 patients with OCSCC or LSCC undergoing surgery.
Assessed preoperative blood markers: platelet, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte counts, and T-cell subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+).
Evaluated composite ratios (NLR, PLR, LMR, SII) for correlation with global (GR), local (LR), and distant (DR) recurrence risk.

Main Results:

Elevated platelet counts, PLR, and SII correlated with increased GR and LR risk.
Higher CD4+/CD3+ and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios were associated with reduced DR risk.
Platelet count independently predicted GR and LR; high CD4+/CD8+ ratio independently protected against DR.

Conclusions:

Platelet-related inflammatory markers and T-cell ratios are prognostically relevant for HNSCC recurrence.
Differential associations with local vs. distant recurrence highlight inflammation-immunity interplay.
Prospective validation is needed to confirm biomarker utility.