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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms
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Affective Touch With Mid-Air Ultrasound: A Psychophysical Comparison With Real Materials.

Rika Oya, Ryoya Onishi, Soichiro Matsumura

    IEEE Transactions on Haptics
    |December 23, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Mid-air haptics using focused ultrasound can mimic the pleasant sensation of a soft brush on skin. Amplitude modulation enhances this effect, making ultrasound feel more like real textures.

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    Area of Science:

    • Haptics and Human-Computer Interaction
    • Neuroscience and Sensory Perception

    Background:

    • Affective touch positively impacts child development and adult well-being.
    • C-Tactile fibers, activated by slow, light touch, are key to affective sensation.
    • Mid-air haptics offers a novel way to induce tactile sensations without physical contact.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if mid-air haptics can replicate the perceptual experience of a soft brush stroke on hairy skin.
    • To compare the tactile perception of mid-air ultrasound with various real-world textures.
    • To determine the influence of amplitude modulation on the realism of mid-air haptic perception.

    Main Methods:

    • A psychophysical study was conducted comparing mid-air ultrasound stimulation with real materials (sandpaper, resin, rubber, cloth, brush).
    • Participants rated stimuli on pleasantness, surprise, ticklishness, smoothness, softness, and warmness.
    • Multivariate analyses assessed the perceptual similarity between modulated/unmodulated ultrasound and real textures.

    Main Results:

    • Ultrasound stimuli differed from some rigid materials (resin, sandpaper, rubber) in discriminative touch dimensions.
    • Amplitude-modulated ultrasound (10 Hz) was perceived as more pleasant than sandpaper.
    • Over half of participants identified modulated ultrasound as a brush or cotton, indicating significant perceptual overlap with real textures.

    Conclusions:

    • Mid-air haptics, particularly with amplitude modulation, can evoke perceptual attributes similar to real textures, including soft brushes on hairy skin.
    • Amplitude modulation significantly enhances the realism of mid-air haptic feedback.
    • This research opens possibilities for realistic virtual touch experiences using ultrasound technology.