Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

537
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
537
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

1.4K
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
1.4K
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

854
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
854
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

937
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
937
Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

4.4K
The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...
4.4K
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

540
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
540

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Bioinformatics analysis of proteins in the complement and coagulation cascades in colon cancer: Discovering the potential biomarker SERPINA1.

Oncology letters·2026
Same author

Neurotropism and interferon-dominated immune responses in a mouse-adapted coxsackievirus A16 infection model.

Journal of virology·2026
Same author

Case Report: Successful treatment of refractory generalized pustular psoriasis with xeligekimab: a report of two cases.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Prediction models for the occurrence and mortality of sepsis-associated lung injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Wearable micromotor-based electrochemical microneedle sensors for monitoring tumor biomarkers in skin.

Biosensors & bioelectronics·2026
Same author

Bowl-Shaped π-Extended Phosphangulenes: Synthesis and Structure-Dependent Modulation of Circularly Polarized Luminescence.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2026
Same journal

Multimodal Contrastive Spatiotemporal Self-Organizing Neural Networks for In-Home Activity Learning of Mild Cognitive Impairment.

IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics·2026
Same journal

Integrating Multi-View Residue Graph and Protein Language Model for Cell-Penetrating Peptide Prediction via Global-Local Graph Aggregation and Cross-Attentive Fusion.

IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics·2026
Same journal

An Ultra-Lightweight Cross-scale Attention Mamba Network for Accurate Skin Lesion Segmentation.

IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics·2026
Same journal

Explanation-Guided Reconstruction of Missing Clinical Features for Survival Prediction in Pancreatic Cancer.

IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics·2026
Same journal

stDGCN: A dual-augmentation graph convolutional network for identifying spatial domains with attention mechanism.

IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics·2026
Same journal

Patient-specific Biomechanical Investigation of Percutaneous Pulmonary Valves: Towards the Integration of Routinely Acquired Clinical Data and Fluid-structure Interaction Simulations.

IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery
06:40

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery

Published on: June 8, 2021

2.8K

Multi-Agent Learning for Precise and Collaborative Control of Anesthetics in TIVA.

Huijie Li, Kunpeng Liu, Yide Yu

    IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
    |December 23, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    AnesMADRL, a new AI framework, improves anesthetic control during Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA). This advanced system enhances drug efficiency and reduces dosage, significantly improving patient safety and outcomes.

    More Related Videos

    Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
    08:16

    Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

    Published on: July 23, 2020

    2.6K
    Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
    08:49

    Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

    Published on: October 16, 2013

    14.4K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

    An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery
    06:40

    An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery

    Published on: June 8, 2021

    2.8K
    Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
    08:16

    Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

    Published on: July 23, 2020

    2.6K
    Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
    08:49

    Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

    Published on: October 16, 2013

    14.4K

    Area of Science:

    • Anesthesiology
    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Effective control of multiple anesthetics in Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) is critical for patient safety and maintaining anesthetic depth.
    • Current automated methods struggle with synergistic anesthetic interactions and patient-specific variability, limiting clinical use.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop AnesMADRL, a novel Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) framework for precise, collaborative anesthetic control.
    • To enhance anesthetic efficiency and patient safety in TIVA by addressing limitations of existing methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized Counterfactual Multi-Agent (CMA) algorithm for credit assignment between propofol and remifentanil agents.
    • Implemented a continuous action space for fine-grained anesthetic dose adjustments.
    • Integrated patient-specific physiological data and a random forest simulator for dynamic training environments.

    Main Results:

    • AnesMADRL demonstrated superior performance compared to baseline methods and human expertise.
    • Achieved approximately twofold increase in anesthetic efficiency.
    • Reduced total anesthetic drug consumption by about 50% compared to human experts.

    Conclusions:

    • AnesMADRL offers a significant advancement in automated anesthesia control for TIVA.
    • The framework shows potential for enhancing patient safety and optimizing clinical outcomes through improved anesthetic management.