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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
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Elevated Risk of New-Onset Thyroid Disease Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A 4.5-Year Observational Study.

Shiv Mehrotra-Varma1, Roham Hadidchi1, Sonya Henry1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Montefiore Health System and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 infection increases the risk of developing new thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, in both hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. Enhanced screening for thyroid issues is recommended post-COVID-19 recovery.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2hyperthyroidismhypothyroidismpostacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)thyroid disease

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Thyroid disease is a known complication of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • The long-term impact of COVID-19 on thyroid function requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term risk of new-onset thyroid dysfunction following COVID-19.
  • To compare risks between hospitalized, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and controls.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study using electronic health records from Montefiore Health System.
  • Included hospitalized COVID-19, non-hospitalized COVID-19, contemporary COVID-negative, and historical control groups.
  • Utilized Cox regression with inverse-probability weighting (IPW) and propensity score matching for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Hospitalized COVID-19 patients showed significantly higher risks of all thyroid diseases (HR=2.11), hypothyroidism (HR=2.02), hyperthyroidism (HR=2.31), and other thyroid issues (HR=2.27) compared to controls.
  • Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients also had elevated risks for all thyroid disease categories.
  • Sensitivity analyses confirmed these findings, though risks were attenuated when compared to historical controls.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to an increased incidence of various new-onset thyroid diseases.
  • Individuals recovering from COVID-19 may benefit from increased thyroid dysfunction screening.