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Alzheimer's Imaging Consortium.

Muneeb Ahmad Muneer1, Harshita Agarwal2, Poorvikha Gowda3

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|December 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to reduced serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels in key brain areas. These neurotransmitter changes, particularly serotonin in the hippocampus, may serve as early diagnostic biomarkers for AD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder characterized by neuroinflammation, vascular impairment, and synaptic dysfunction.
  • Investigating neurotransmitter alterations is crucial for understanding AD pathogenesis and identifying early diagnostic markers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis evaluating and comparing dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine levels in brain regions of AD patients versus healthy controls.
  • To explore the potential of these neurotransmitters as early diagnostic biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was performed across MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Scopus, adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Meta-analysis was conducted using R's 'meta' package to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD) and assess statistical heterogeneity (I², tau²).

Main Results:

  • Significant reductions in serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine were observed in specific brain regions of AD patients compared to controls.
  • Serotonin showed the most substantial decrease (SMD: -1.92), particularly in the hippocampus (SMD: -2.53).
  • Dopamine reductions were most pronounced in frontal and temporal regions (SMD: -0.82 and -0.71, respectively), while norepinephrine was significantly reduced in the hippocampus, thalamus, and frontal regions (SMD: -2.70, -2.12, and -2.17, respectively).

Conclusions:

  • Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine levels are significantly diminished in distinct brain regions affected by Alzheimer's disease.
  • The observed neurotransmitter alterations, especially the marked decrease in serotonin within the hippocampus, warrant further investigation as potential early diagnostic biomarkers for AD.
  • Additional research is necessary to validate these findings and their clinical utility.