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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

Healthcare Agencies II

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System01:26

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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is...
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology and Public Health
  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Health Disparities Research

Background:

  • Social and structural determinants of health disproportionately affect Latino and Black communities, potentially increasing Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) burden.
  • Identifying modifiable dementia risk factors is critical for developing effective risk-reduction strategies, as these factors account for up to 45% of ADRD risk.
  • This study focused on assessing ADRD risk factors in cognitively normal, community-dwelling Latino and Black Americans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the frequency of modifiable Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) risk factors in cognitively normal Latino and Black Americans.
  • To compare subjective (participant-reported) and objective (measured) assessments of dementia risk factors.
  • To identify potential targets for risk-reduction interventions in underrepresented populations.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of memory and aging involving 105 cognitively normal Latino and Black adults (≥45 years old).
  • Baseline assessments included demographics, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation (Area Deprivation Index), and self-reported dementia risk factors.
  • Objective measures assessed hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, vitamin B12 levels, hearing loss, vision loss, and depression.

Main Results:

  • Dementia risk factors were prevalent in both Latino and Black participants, with objective measures revealing a higher frequency than self-reported data.
  • Significant disparities in socioeconomic deprivation were observed, with Black participants experiencing higher levels than Latino participants.
  • Objective measures highlighted a substantial proportion of unrecognized or undertreated risk factors, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and depression.

Conclusions:

  • Most cognitively normal Latino and Black adults in the study exhibited modifiable dementia risk factors.
  • Objective assessments revealed a significant burden of unrecognized and undertreated risk factors, underscoring the need for improved surveillance.
  • Active surveillance programs are essential for early detection and management of modifiable ADRD risk factors in underrepresented populations.