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Social support impacts U.S. older adults' cognition differently across immigrant generations. Low instrumental support in 1st-generation immigrants and high depressive symptoms in later generations may harm cognitive function.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Social support and mental well-being may differentially impact cognitive function in older adults.
  • Understanding these effects across different immigrant generations in the U.S. is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the associations between social support, mental well-being, and cognitive function (executive function and verbal episodic memory) across immigrant generations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) study, categorizing participants into immigrant generations (1st, 2nd, ≥3rd).
  • Assessed emotional support, instrumental support, loneliness, and depressive symptoms using standardized instruments.
  • Employed linear mixed-effect models to analyze the longitudinal associations between psychosocial factors and cognitive outcomes, testing for interactions by immigrant generation.

Main Results:

  • 1st-generation immigrants (arriving <18) reported the lowest instrumental support and highest loneliness and depressive symptoms.
  • Neither instrumental nor emotional support was significantly associated with baseline executive function (EF) or verbal episodic memory (VEM).
  • Low instrumental support trended toward lower VEM in 1st-generation immigrants and higher VEM in 2nd-generation immigrants. High depressive symptoms were associated with EF decline in ≥3rd-generation immigrants.

Conclusions:

  • Low instrumental support is a potential risk factor for cognitive decline in 1st-generation immigrants.
  • High depressive symptoms may negatively affect cognitive function in later-generation immigrants (≥3rd).
  • These findings highlight specific psychosocial factors as intervention targets for preserving cognitive health in diverse older adult populations.