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Related Concept Videos

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Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
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Public Health.

Rufus O Akinyemi1,2,3, Brian W Kunkle4, Joshua O Akinyemi5,6

  • 1College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dementia risk factors like hypertension and depression are prevalent in African populations. Understanding these modifiable factors is key to developing targeted prevention strategies for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Public Health
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The Lancet Commission identified 14 modifiable risk factors for dementia, suggesting nearly half of cases are preventable.
  • The Recruitment and Retention for Alzheimer's Disease Diversity Genetic Cohorts in the ADSP (READD-ADSP) study is investigating these factors in diverse populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a preliminary analysis of dementia risk factors within African datasets of the READD-ADSP study.
  • To explore the association between 12 modifiable risk factors and dementia prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the READD-ADSP study, a case-control study involving African participants recruited by the African Dementia Consortium (AfDC).
  • Employed multivariable logistic regression to assess the effect sizes of dementia risk factors, excluding LDL-c and air pollution.
  • Ensured standardized data collection and culturally informed diagnostic algorithms across ten sub-Saharan African countries.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of 1469 participants (626 cases, 843 controls) revealed higher prevalence of older age, female sex, hypertension, hearing loss, depression, physical inactivity, low education, and social isolation in cases.
  • Independently associated factors included age, hypertension, alcohol use, depression, and visual impairment.
  • Region-specific differences in risk factor effects were observed between East and West Africa for age, sex, hypertension, and alcohol, while depression and visual impairment showed consistent effects.

Conclusions:

  • Findings underscore the significant role of multiple risk factors in the dementia burden among Africans.
  • Further research will investigate interactive effects of region, ethnicity, and other factors as more data become available.