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Related Concept Videos

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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Summary
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Women face significant disparities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and care due to biological and societal factors. Addressing these inequities requires sex-informed, equity-driven models for research and clinical practice.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Women constitute two-thirds of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases globally.
  • Significant underrepresentation of women in research cohorts and underserved clinical pathways.
  • Existing disparities in diagnosis and care for women with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore biological, sociocultural, and systemic drivers of ADRD diagnosis and care disparities in women.
  • To highlight how cumulative stress, hormonal transitions, caregiver burden, and diagnostic bias impact women, especially from marginalized populations.
  • To advocate for a reorientation of dementia care models toward sex-informed and equity-driven approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent international research on ADRD in women.
  • Analysis of intersecting factors contributing to risk and delayed intervention.
  • Examination of disparities particularly affecting Black, Indigenous, and Global South women.

Main Results:

  • Cumulative stress, hormonal changes, and caregiver roles exacerbate ADRD risk in women.
  • Diagnostic bias and systemic factors contribute to delayed intervention.
  • Marginalized women populations face compounded risks and inequities.

Conclusions:

  • A paradigm shift is needed to reorient dementia diagnosis and care models.
  • Models must be sex-informed and equity-driven, centering women's biological and lived experiences.
  • Proposed roadmap includes inclusive research, community-based tools, and translational pathways for equitable prevention and care.