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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

1.9K
Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
In 1978, international leaders convened in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, for what would be a pivotal event in global health. The Alma-Ata Declaration was the first to call...
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Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention01:26

Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
In primary prevention, actions taken before disease onset prevent the disease from...
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

Preventive Healthcare Services

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

Healthcare Agencies II

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
Parish nursing is a growing specialty nursing profession that focuses on holistic healthcare, health promotion, and illness prevention. It blends professional nursing practice with a health ministry, focusing on health and healing within the context of a Christian community. Parish nurses serve as health educators, referral sources,...
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Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System01:26

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children

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Public Health.

Basma Tnesh1, Tiffany B Kindratt1

  • 1University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New US Census race/ethnicity categories will add a Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) identifier. This change highlights cognitive health disparities for MENA older adults compared to White older adults.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Sociology
  • Demographics

Background:

  • The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) updated race/ethnicity measurement guidelines in 2024.
  • The 2030 US Census will include a separate checkbox for Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Americans.
  • The impact of this change on health estimates for other racial/ethnic groups compared to Whites is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the prevalence of cognitive difficulty among diverse older adults using 2020 and 2030 US Census racial/ethnic categories.
  • To determine if the odds of cognitive difficulty differ with and without a MENA identifier.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 2018-2022 American Community Survey (ACS) data for individuals aged 65 years and older (n=3,351,611).
  • Categorized race/ethnicity based on 2020 US Census categories and created a separate category for MENA descent.

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  • Employed bivariate statistics and multivariable logistic regression models for analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Using 2020 categories, all racial/ethnic groups showed higher odds of cognitive difficulty compared to White older adults.
    • Using 2030 categories, MENA older adults had 1.53 times greater odds of cognitive difficulty compared to White older adults.
    • Minor changes in odds were observed for other groups (e.g., Black older adults), with overlapping confidence intervals, indicating no significant shifts in reported cognitive health disparities.

    Conclusions:

    • Results underscore significant cognitive health disparities between MENA and White older adults.
    • A separate MENA identifier did not alter reported health disparities for other minority groups compared to Whites.
    • Implementing a separate MENA checkbox on the ACS from 2027 is crucial for advancing health equity discussions for older adults.