Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

524
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
524
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

676
Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
676
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

2.5K
The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.5K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

64.7K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
64.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Complement in brain and eye disease: shared mechanisms, convergent pathologies, and common therapeutic opportunities.

Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society·2026
Same author

The Alzheimer's disease-associated complement receptor 1 variant confers risk by impacting glial phagocytosis.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025
Same author

Inhibition of terminal complement complex formation alleviates murine antibody-mediated TRALI.

Blood·2025
Same author

The schizophrenia-associated gene CSMD1 encodes a complement classical pathway inhibitor predominantly expressed by astrocytes and at synapses in mice and humans.

Brain, behavior, and immunity·2025
Same author

Insight into the function of the Golgi membrane protein GOLM1 in cholangiocytes through interactomic analysis.

FEBS letters·2025
Same author

Brain-penetrant complement inhibition mitigates neurodegeneration in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2024
Same journal

Multimorbidity burden and patterns associated with DeepBrainNet-derived brain-age gap in dementia-free older adults: A community-based study.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Reply to "Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities".

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Correlates and predictors of self-efficacy among dementia caregivers: D-CARE findings.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

What should convince a clinician of disease modification in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials?

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Primary cilia-extracellular vesicle crosstalk in Alzheimer's disease: Emerging mechanisms and biomarker potential.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Matthew Thomas Bright1, Van Dien Nguyen1, Bryan Paul Morgan1

  • 1Cardiff University School of Medicine, Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) significantly alters brain complement expression, with microglia being the primary source. This dysregulation is more pronounced in females and younger individuals, suggesting targeted therapeutic timing.

More Related Videos

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K
A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Complement system activation is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's Disease (AD).
  • Understanding the source and regulation of complement in the brain is crucial for effective therapeutic targeting in NDDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively map complement gene expression in the human frontal cortex.
  • To investigate how AD pathology, sex, and age influence complement expression patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated single-nucleus RNA sequencing data from 97 frontal cortex donors (60 AD, 37 controls).
  • Analyzed complement expression across nine major cell types.
  • Examined the impact of AD, sex, and age on complement gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Microglia are the primary source of key complement components (C1Q, C3) in healthy and AD brains, with increased expression in AD.
  • AD elevates complement component expression (C1R, C1S, C5, C7) in fibroblasts, pericytes, and astrocytes.
  • Complement regulators (CD46, CD55, CD59, CFH) show increased expression in endothelial cells in AD.
  • The AD risk gene CLU is highly expressed in astrocytes.
  • Sex-specific differences emerge in AD, with females showing greater complement dysregulation.
  • Youngest AD individuals exhibit the most severe complement dysregulation.

Conclusions:

  • A detailed atlas of complement expression in the AD and control frontal cortex reveals significant dysregulation in AD.
  • Female sex is associated with greater complement dysregulation in AD.
  • Age-dependent complement dysregulation in AD, particularly in younger individuals, offers insights for therapeutic intervention timing.