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Related Concept Videos

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors01:13

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Peptic ulcers, often induced by H. pylori infections or NSAID usage, arise from disruptions in the delicate balance of gastric acid production. Peptic ulcers stem from heightened gastric acid levels due to H. pylori infections or NSAID use. The protective mucus layer diminishes in the presence of these factors, allowing gastric acid to erode the stomach lining and form ulcers.
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Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by mucosal excavation in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. It can manifest as acute or chronic based on the extent and duration of mucosal involvement.
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Peptic ulcer disease, commonly called PUD, represents a multifaceted condition characterized by disruptions in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI)  tract. Central to the protection of the gastrointestinal lining is the mucosal-bicarbonate barrier. This physiological defense mechanism is a formidable shield against the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the stomach. Its role is pivotal in maintaining the structural integrity of the stomach's inner lining.
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Stomach pH Regulation01:21

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The human body carefully regulates the internal pH of different organs to maintain homeostasis. For example, while the blood plasma maintains a neutral pH of 7, the stomach lumen has an acidic pH of 1.5 - 3.5. The low pH of stomach lumen helps kill pathogens in the food and break down complex food molecules.
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Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
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Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
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Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Analyses of Murine Intestinal Microbiota After Oral Antibiotic Treatment
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Gut Microbial Variations Associated With Proton Pump Inhibitor Use in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.

Deepika Dinesh1,2, Xochitl C Morgan3,4, Hanseul Kim3,5

  • 1Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA.

Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) alter gut bacteria in Puerto Ricans, enriching oral-typical species like Streptococcus. This study highlights potential microbiome changes linked to PPI use in this population.

Keywords:
Puerto Ricansepidemiologygut microbiomeproton pump inhibitors

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Gastroenterology
  • Population health

Background:

  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used for gastrointestinal disorders.
  • PPIs are known to affect the gut microbiome, but this is understudied in diverse populations.
  • Puerto Ricans report high PPI use, necessitating research into associated microbiome alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between PPI use and gut microbial composition in Puerto Ricans.
  • To identify specific bacterial taxa and functional pathways affected by PPIs in this population.
  • To compare findings with a non-Hispanic cohort to explore ethnicity-related differences.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of stool samples from 309 participants in the Boston-Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS).
  • Metagenomic profiling to assess gut microbial taxa and functional pathways.
  • Statistical analyses including multivariate linear modeling (MaAsLin2) and random forest classification.
  • Comparison with data from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS).

Main Results:

  • 112 (36%) of BPRHS participants reported PPI use.
  • PPI users showed an enrichment of oral-typical bacteria, including Streptococcus species (S. parasanguinis, S. anginosus, S. salivarius) and Rothia mucilaginosa.
  • Functional pathways related to Streptococci, Lactobacilli, and Enterococci were predominantly associated with PPI use.

Conclusions:

  • PPI use is associated with significant alterations in the gut microbiome composition among Puerto Ricans.
  • The enrichment of oral-typical taxa suggests a potential mechanism for PPI-induced microbiome changes.
  • Further research is needed to understand the long-term health implications and ethnic variations in PPI's impact on the gut microbiome.