Multifunctional vesicles in cancer therapy and theranostics: current advances and future challenges

Nanocarriers have revolutionized the field of cancer therapeutics by enhancing the delivery and efficacy of anticancer agents. This paper explores the various types of multifunctional vesicles utilized in cancer treatment, including non-biological vesicles such as liposomes and polymersomes, biological vesicles like extracellular vesicles (EVs), and hybrid vesicles that combine the benefits of both. We provide an in-depth analysis of their applications, highlighting the advantages they offer, such as targeted drug delivery, reduced side effects, and improved drug stability. Additionally, we discuss the potential pitfalls associated with these vesicles, including stability issues, manufacturing complexity, and toxicity concerns. Recent advancements and specific case studies are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of these vesicles in improving therapeutic outcomes. Our findings underscore the need for continued research to address the challenges and fully harness the potential of multifunctional vesicles in cancer treatment.