Advances in Terahertz Biophysics and Chemistry

As terahertz (THz) science and technology continue to advance, THz biophysics and chemistry have emerged as a pivotal interface, linking molecular-scale insights with transformative innovations in biological, physical, and chemical sciences. This review elucidates the fundamental mechanisms underlying THz-matter interactions, emphasizing the relationship between THz wave physics and molecular motions. We highlight molecular-level effects of THz radiation on water, ion channels, DNA, and proteins, and summarize its biological impacts spanning molecular, cellular, and neurological scales. These mechanistic insights underpin diverse applications, including the control of water transport and molecular dynamics, diagnostics, neurobiology, and emerging therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, we examine advanced methods for detection and characterization in THz biophysics and chemistry, including THz spectroscopy, imaging, and sensing, which bridge fundamental principles with practical implementations, positioning THz technology as a versatile platform for probing and manipulating complex biological and chemical systems. By integrating these recent advances, this review aims to catalyze further research in this rapidly evolving field.