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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System IV: CMRI01:21

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Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, or CMRI, is a non-invasive diagnostic test that employs a magnetic field and radiofrequency waves to create precise images of the heart and arteries. It provides comprehensive information about cardiac anatomy, function, perfusion, and tissue characterization without ionizing radiation.IndicationsCMRI diagnoses various heart conditions, including tissue damage from heart attacks, ischemic heart disease, myocarditis, aortic issues (tears, aneurysms,...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT01:28

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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:21

Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Three-Dimensional Phase Resolved Functional Lung Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Brain Volumetric Changes Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

Engy Elkoury1, Asmaa Yehia2,3,4, Elisabeth C Caparelli5

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt.

Brain Sciences
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term brain structure changes after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection are inconsistent. This review summarizes structural MRI studies, finding some evidence of volumetric reductions in specific brain regions post-COVID-19.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2brain volumetric changespost-COVIDsMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on brain structure remain unclear.
  • Existing studies on post-COVID-19 brain changes show inconsistent results.
  • Need for imaging biomarkers for post-COVID neurological sequelae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review structural MRI studies on volumetric brain changes after COVID-19.
  • To identify consistent patterns of brain structural alterations at least two weeks post-infection.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across major databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar) up to September 2025.
  • Inclusion of studies using sMRI for volumetric brain changes >2 weeks post-COVID-19.
  • Exclusion of pediatric populations, non-sMRI modalities, preprints, reviews, and case reports.

Main Results:

  • Forty-one studies involving 2895 patients and 1729 controls were included.
  • Significant volumetric reductions reported in hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens, and cerebellum.
  • Changes observed months to years post-infection, particularly in older, severely ill, hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging evidence suggests long-term volumetric brain changes post-COVID-19, but findings are inconsistent.
  • Robust imaging biomarkers and underlying mechanisms for SARS-CoV-2 related brain changes require further investigation.
  • Future research needs harmonized protocols, longitudinal designs, and integrated data for definitive conclusions.