An Emerging Infectious Yeast to Watch: Cryptococcus gattii Species Complex

CGSC is a pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast of increasing public health concern due to its ability to cause life-threatening infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. C. gattii species complex (CGSC) is acquired via environmental exposure, particularly through the inhalation of spores from trees, soil, and decaying wood. Infections often manifest in the pulmonary or central nervous system, both of which are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Compounding this threat is the pathogen's expanding geographic range, facilitated in part by climate change, and the limited effectiveness of antifungal therapies that are available. Genetic diversity among molecular types (VGI-VGVI) contributes to variable antifungal susceptibility, further complicating treatment. Knowledge of risk factors for the CGSC are limited. Despite its rising global footprint and potential for severe diseases, CGSC remains underreported, with surveillance gaps even in endemic regions. This review highlights the pathogen's epidemiology, risk factors, clinical impact, and therapeutic challenges, arguing for changes in policy that would increase reporting efforts worldwide. Improved surveillance, public health education, and antifungal research are critical to curbing the growing burden of CGSC infections worldwide.