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Related Experiment Video

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Effective Ionic Potential Guided Dual-Gradient Structural Engineering for Spent LiCoO2 Upcycling.

Qiaoyi Yan1, Zhengzheng Liu2, Feng Wu1,2,3,4

  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents an upcycling method for degraded lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cathodes, transforming them into high-voltage materials. The novel approach creates a dual-gradient structure, significantly enhancing battery performance and sustainability.

Keywords:
cation's migration barrierdual‐gradient structureeffective ionic potentialhigh value upcyclingspent lithium cobalt oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Recycling degraded lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is crucial for sustainable lithium-ion battery production.
  • Existing methods often fail to restore high electrochemical performance to spent LiCoO2 cathodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an upcycling strategy for degraded LiCoO2 cathodes.
  • To engineer a compositional and structural dual-gradient structure for enhanced performance.
  • To utilize effective ionic potential (EIP, Φ*) as a descriptor for dopant behavior in LiCoO2 lattices.

Main Methods:

  • Upcycling degraded LiCoO2 using dopants guided by effective ionic potential (EIP, Φ*).
  • Constructing dual-gradient compositional and structural features within the cathode material.
  • Investigating the role of vacancies in spent LiCoO2 for structural engineering.
  • Employing multiscale characterizations and theoretical calculations.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a compositional gradient where low-Φ* dopants diffuse into the bulk and high-Φ* dopants remain near the surface.
  • Engineered a structural transition from a disordered surface to an ordered layered bulk structure.
  • Demonstrated superior electrochemical performance at high cut-off potentials (4.6 and 4.65 V) compared to commercial counterparts.
  • Revealed that bulk and surface vacancies in spent LiCoO2 are critical for gradient formation and structural stability.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed upcycling method effectively transforms degraded LiCoO2 into high-performance cathodes.
  • The dual-gradient structure, guided by EIP and influenced by vacancies, enhances electrochemical stability and performance.
  • This approach offers a sustainable pathway for recycling lithium-ion battery cathode materials.