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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

George Stothart1, Sophie Alderman1, Oliver P Hermann2

  • 1University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fastball, an EEG method, accurately detects memory impairment in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). This passive, objective test shows promise as a biomarker for early dementia detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Biomarker Development

Background:

  • There is a need for sensitive biomarkers for cognitive function, especially in early dementia stages like Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
  • Previous research indicated Fastball, an electroencephalogram (EEG) method, is sensitive to cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
  • This study investigates Fastball's sensitivity to amnestic dysfunction in MCI patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate Fastball as a sensitive biomarker for recognition memory dysfunction in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
  • To assess Fastball's ability to differentiate between amnestic and non-amnestic MCI, and healthy controls.
  • To evaluate Fastball's test-retest reliability and its predictive value for cognitive decline over one year.

Main Methods:

  • 53 MCI patients and 54 healthy controls underwent a 3-minute Fastball EEG task measuring passive recognition memory.
  • Participants also completed standard neuropsychological tests for memory, attention, and general cognition.
  • Test-retest reliability and longitudinal changes were assessed over a one-year follow-up period.

Main Results:

  • Amnestic MCI patients exhibited significantly lower Fastball responses compared to non-amnestic MCI patients and healthy controls.
  • Fastball EEG responses were selectively predictive of recognition memory, not attentional function.
  • Fastball demonstrated moderate to good test-retest reliability in healthy controls; MCI-to-dementia converters showed a trend for lower baseline Fastball responses.

Conclusions:

  • Fastball is validated as a viable, non-invasive biomarker for assessing recognition memory in cognitively impaired individuals.
  • The method is selectively predictive of memory dysfunction and suitable for early detection of cognitive impairment in MCI.
  • Fastball's passive nature, speed, and reliance on scalable EEG technology make it a promising tool for advancing cognitive assessment.