A Low-Cost Sonographic Canine Simulator for Pericardiocentesis Training

Pericardiocentesis is traditionally taught in clinical settings, which can be stressful. This study aimed to create a low-cost sonographic simulator to improve novice veterinarians' confidence in performing pericardiocentesis. We hypothesized that experienced clinicians would find the simulator realistic, and that novice confidence would improve following simulator practice. Human ethics approval was obtained. The simulator was constructed using ballistic gel, silicon foam, and a 3D-printed spine with ribs. A tennis ball within a balloon, both filled with water, simulated pericardial effusion (PE). Experts, defined as having performed more than five pericardiocentesis procedures and having more than 3 years of emergency experience, assessed the simulator's realism using a five-point Likert scale. Novice confidence levels were surveyed before and after using the simulator. The data were analyzed for normality. Confidence levels were compared using paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests. Experts rated the sonographic appearance of PE as very realistic (strongly agree to agree) but found the tactile feel of catheter advancement to be somewhat limited (agree to neither agree nor disagree). The comparability to performing pericardiocentesis on a live canine was rated as realistic (agree). Interns showed a significant increase in confidence in their ability to perform pericardiocentesis on live patients (p = .03), sonographic visualization and guidance of the catheter (p = .02), and correct catheter placement (p = .02). The simulator realistically simulates natural canine PE and improves novice confidence in performing pericardiocentesis. Further research is needed to determine if these skills translate to clinical settings.