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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Riccardo Manca1,2, Matteo De Marco2, Annalena Venneri3,4

  • 1University of Parma, Parma, Italy.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rivastigmine treatment improved memory in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients by altering brain connectivity. These changes, particularly involving the α4β2 nicotinic receptor, highlight potential MRI biomarkers for tracking treatment effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, like rivastigmine, are prescribed to slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • The precise mechanisms by which these drugs affect brain activity and connectivity remain under investigation.
  • This study focused on prodromal to mild AD patients to explore rivastigmine's impact on functional connectivity (FC) and cognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess how rivastigmine treatment influences acetylcholine-related functional connectivity (FC) in patients with early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • To evaluate the impact of rivastigmine on cognitive performance in patients with prodromal to mild AD.
  • To investigate the association between changes in FC and cognitive improvements following rivastigmine treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-two patients with prodromal to mild AD were randomized into a 12-week rivastigmine treatment group (ADt) or an untreated control group (ADu).
  • Neuropsychological tests and MRI scans were conducted at baseline and after 12 weeks.
  • Functional MRI data were analyzed to map FC, specifically focusing on neurotransmitter receptor distributions (acetylcholine transporter, α4β2 nicotinic, M1 muscarinic receptors).

Main Results:

  • The rivastigmine group (ADt) exhibited greater improvements in visual long-term memory compared to the control group (ADu).
  • A significant reduction in frontal α4β2 nicotinic receptor-related FC was observed in the ADt group.
  • Improvements in visual memory were significantly correlated with changes in α4β2-related FC.

Conclusions:

  • Rivastigmine treatment led to functional connectivity changes in frontal and occipito-cerebellar regions in patients with early AD.
  • These observed FC alterations were associated with concurrent improvements in long-term memory over the 12-week study period.
  • Neurotransmitter-related FC serves as a potential MRI biomarker for assessing treatment mechanisms and tracking neuroplasticity in response to therapies targeting neurotransmitter systems in AD.