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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Ville Leinonen1

  • 1Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) brain biopsies can detect amyloid and tau pathologies, indicating risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD). These samples aid in understanding NPH and AD at a cellular level.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuropathology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a dementia affecting up to 5% of patients, with a significant genetic component.
  • Familial aggregation in NPH suggests underlying genetic factors influencing its pathobiology.
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a key differential diagnosis and comorbidity in NPH.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and significance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau pathologies in NPH patients.
  • To correlate neuropathological findings from brain biopsies with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers.
  • To explore the utility of brain biopsies for omics and single-cell analyses in NPH and related neurodegenerative diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of over 1200 NPH patients from the Kuopio NPH cohort with lifelong follow-up.

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  • Immunohistochemical staining of frontal cortical brain biopsies for Aβ and tau.
  • Immediate slicing of fresh biopsies for electrophysiology and frozen samples for transcriptomic analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Half of NPH patients exhibit Aβ pathology; 10% show both Aβ and tau; 5% have tau pathology without Aβ.
    • CSF biomarkers for AD generally decrease in NPH but correlate with biopsy-detected pathologies.
    • Frontal cortex Aβ pathology in biopsies is sensitive for early AD detection, while tau pathology indicates advanced stages.

    Conclusions:

    • Frontal or parietal brain biopsies can identify Aβ and tau pathologies, predicting risk for comorbid AD or tauopathies like FTD.
    • Living human brain samples from NPH patients are valuable for omics and single-cell imaging.
    • These analyses can elucidate cellular mechanisms in NPH, AD, and other neurodegenerative conditions affecting prognosis.